Definition and Examples of Symbolic Action

A term used by 20th-century rhetorician Kenneth Burke to refer in general to systems of communication that rely on symbols. Symbolic Action According to Burke In Permanence and Change (1935), Burke distinguishes human language as symbolic action from the linguistic behaviors of nonhuman species. In Language as Symbolic Action (1966), Burke states that all language is inherently persuasive because symbolic acts do something as well as say something. Books such as Permanence and Change (1935) and Attitudes Toward History (1937) explore symbolic action in such areas as magic, ritual, history, and religion, while A Grammar of Motives (1945) and A Rhetoric of Motives work out what Burke calls the dramatistic basis of all symbolic action. (Charles L. ONeill, Kenneth Burke. Encyclopedia of the Essay, ed. by Tracy Chevalier. Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) Language and Symbolic Action Language is a species of action, symbolic action--and its nature is such that it can be used as a tool. . . .I define literature as a form of symbolic action, undertaken for its own sake.(Kenneth Burke, Language as Symbolic Action. Univ. of California Press, 1966)To comprehend symbolic action, [Kenneth] Burke dialectically compares it with practical action. The chopping down of a tree is a practical act whereas the writing about the chopping of a tree is a symbolic art. The internal reaction to a situation is an attitude, and the externalization of that attitude is a symbolic action. Symbols can be used for practical purposes or for sheer joy. For instance, we may use symbols to earn a living or because we like to exercise our ability to use them. However philosophically distinct the two are, they often overlap.(Robert L. Heath, Realism and Relativism: A Perspective on Kenneth Burke. Mercer Univ. Press, 1986)The lack of a clear definition of symbolic action in The Philosophy of Liter ary Form [Kenneth Burke, 1941] is not the weakness some might imagine it to be, for the idea of symbolic action is just a beginning point. Burke is simply distinguishing between broad classes of human experience, with the intention of confining his discussion to the dimensions of action in language. Burke is more interested in how we craft language into a strategic or stylized answer (that is, in how symbolic action works) than in defining symbolic action in the first place. (Ross Wolin, The Rhetorical Imagination of Kenneth Burke. Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2001) Multiple Meanings The conclusion to be drawn from setting various definitions of symbolic action side by side is that [Kenneth] Burke does not mean the same thing every time he uses the term. . . . An examination of the many uses of the term reveals that it has three separate but interrelated meanings . . .: linguistic, representative, and purgative-redemptive. The first includes all verbal action; the second covers all acts which are representative images of the essential self; and the third includes all acts with a purgative-redemptive function. Clearly, symbolic action includes much more than poetry; and clearly, almost anything from the full range of human action could be a symbolic act in one or more of the senses given above. . . .Burkes almost dogmatic assertion that all poetic acts are always symbolic acts in all three meanings is one of the unique features of his system. His argument is that though any act may be symbolic in one or more ways, all poems are always representative, purgative-redemptive acts. This means that every poem is the true image of the self which created it, and that every poem performs a purgative-redemptive function for the self. (William H. Ruec kert, Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, 2nd ed. Univ. of California Press, 1982)

The Age Of The Vampire - 1793 Words

The Age of the Vampire From Literature to Twilight, Vampires have been in the public eye for decades. The characteristics may change as will the looks but they have the same amount of popularity. It all started in 1897, the writings of Bram Stoker gave the world the story of Dracula. This story is considered the source material for all vampires to follow. Many of the characteristics laid out in Dracula can still be easily found in current vampire movies. Though there was never a â€Å"golden age† for vampire movies, as it is a subgenre for film, it did greatly participate in the golden age of horror films, giving greatly to the popularity of horror films. This popularity still demands a very active hold on film goers today. Bela Lugosi is the poster child for the character of Dracula. He set the tone for what a good vampire in the 1931 film Dracula. After Lugosi, Christopher Lee is the next person credited with the popularity of vampire movies. Lee has starred in 10 separate m ovies as Count Dracula, the quality of the movies and Lee’s prior acting credits gave way to the resurgence of Dracula in the mid 1900’s. All of these credits however mean nothing in the world of film without the movies that kicked everything off, Nosferatu, the 1922 film keeps true to the book Dracula. This allowed a new archetype to come to the world of film. This archetype however, has undergone dramatic changes over the decades. From Nosferatu to the new release of Dark Shadows, change has clearlyShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of The New Zealand1495 Words   |  6 Pageslives of three vampires, Viago, Deacon and Vladislav as they struggle to try to cope with the complexities of modern life. Living in a flat in Wellington, these modern day vampires are faced with the mundanities of everyday life, and things such as paying rent, trying to get into nightclubs and overcoming flatmate conflicts prove to be extremely difficult. What We Do in the Shadows is unique in that it combines parody and cinematography, while also using a mixture of two genres, vampire and mockumentaryRead MoreThe Romantic Period Stressed Instincts, Affection, and Love1422 Words   |  6 Pagesin England in late 18th century. The rise of the movement was precipitated by the issuing of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge .The movement came to cope up with the general tenors of the Industrial and Enlightenment age .It stressed on things like instincts, affection , love,the heart over the head .It came also to celebrate such things as mysticism and the natural world.Romanticism also highlighted feelings as fear, fright, terror, horror and wonderment. The movementRead MoreEssay on Reasons for Popularity of Buffy The Vampire Slayer1515 Words   |  7 PagesReasons for Popularity of Buffy The Vampire Slayer Vampire stories have been told for hundreds of years, and like all things, they have evolved with time. As technology has moved forward so did the stories, and vampire films soon became popular. These stories have recently moved onto the small screen, the most popular of which, a modern adaptation of the tradition vampire myth called Buffy the Vampire Slayer. This popular programme has a massive following here inRead MoreBlood Themes In Dracula1165 Words   |  5 Pagesexchange of blood being used for the vampire’s sexual desire, it is also used as a mean of reproduction for the vampires, as well. I think we are all used to thinking vampires and their drinking of human blood revolves around their arousal of death and aggression towards humans. Of course, it is, but more so in depths of what I stated above. What exactly is the significance of vampires and their desire for blood? I believe it is the power they gain by sucking another human’s blood. The pointRead MoreReview Of Jemaine Clement s The Shadows 1482 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern representations of vampires paired with conventional forms of vampire representations. This shift shows the new found moral ambiguity that was not present within more predatory portrayals of the vampire genre. Each of the flatmates represents a former portrayal of vampires within the horror genre. We can see how What We Do In The Shadows is drawing from previous texts to make commentary on the shift within the genre and within society. Earlier representations of vampires were developed in theRead MoreVampires And Its Effects On Society1318 Words   |  6 Pageshad gotten more attention in recent years are vampires. Vampires have changed from scary monster to attractive dead people because of how the media portrays them now a day. Some people are fascinated by this monster so much that some have created cults saying they are vampires too. The thing people have to understand is that vampires have never existed and were just created to explain the unexplainable. According to the Oxford English Dictionary vampires are defined as â€Å"A preternatural being of a malignantRead MoreSemiotic Study of Vampires and Vampires Lore1678 Words   |  7 PagesMICA | Semiotic Study of Vampires and Vampire Lore | Individual Assignment for Semiotics | | | | Submitted by: Payel Basu Roll No: 113B A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore, with an eye on the different cultural implications that arise through the ages. | ------------------------------------------------- A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore. The field of semiotics exists because of the realization that society has a desire to create and produce signsRead MoreAre You A Fan Of The Supernatural? Do You Believe In Things1744 Words   |  7 PagesAre you a fan of the supernatural? Do you believe in things such as ghosts, vampires, werewolves, or zombies? Perhaps you simply like to watch those types of things. Whatever your standpoint is, supernatural beings are more popular than ever. Vampires, in particular, have fascinated audiences of all ages for decades. While the term â€Å"vampire† is more recent, people have been telling stories of blood-sucking demons since ancient times. Many of these stories tell of people who used to consume bloodRead MoreDracula, Gothic And Epistolary Novels Of Dracula And Bram Stokers Dracula1357 Words   |  6 PagesVampires are not completely fictional. In the late 1890s Bram Stoker takes historical information and old European folktales to create famous Gothic novels like Dracula; Be fore writing Dracula, he studied for eight years stories of vampires. The title of Stoker’s story has historical significance to Vlad Dracul the 3rd, a Wallachian ruler who impaled his victims on stakes. Bram Stoker also was influenced by his lifetime, before the publication of Dracula, Gothic and Epistolary novels were on theRead MoreThe Folklore of the Undead Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesgood reason. Some people who claim to be Vampires or Vampire hunters are in fact only doing it to get attention, such as the Dogs Of War â€Å"vampire hunting group† who later admitted to being frauds.(www.choronzon.com) There are also many conflicting ideas of what a vampire is, or on definitions of vampires. Vourdalak vampires, for instance, are always female, whereas, while females are more commonly vampires, it is by no means a rule in other folklore. (Vampire Grimoire) The Zmeu, on the other hand,

Imparting Knowledge for Strategic Communication †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Imparting Knowledge for Strategic Communication. Answer: Introduction: Teaching or imparting knowledge is nothing but strategic communication, and the effectiveness of the process depends upon a number of factors. This process involves many dynamics which help in developing a perspective and knowledge base in a student. A student expects that a teacher will not only provide information but also will understand the gap in communication (if any) and will work towards solving the issue. Technology is extensively used to communicate with the students in class as well as outside in order to make sure that they have an easy access to information and assignment submission process. Some of these attributes will be used in teaching the students regarding project complexities. Project management has a lot of attributes and factors that has to be considered while undertaking the calculation and complexities that are involved in the project. Before starting the tutorial the students should be given out the material and the relevant sources in order to be prepared f or the lecture. This will help in making them prepared for the class and get them acquainted with the topic that is going to be dealt with. The approach that will be taken in order to deliver the tutorial will be interactive sessions. In this process these are the following steps that will be taken. Use of info-graphics: in order to make the students engage with the topic one of the approaches that should be taken is making the content visually attractive. As the ears are regarded as a lazy organ the focus from the content is usually easily diverted but at the same time when there is visual content to focus on, along with the lectures, the students pay more attention and are better engaged in the class. There should be a table of comparison and difference between Complex versus Complicated. This should contain the content with examples in image form which the student can easily recall when required. Activities: if a lecture is too long there are chances that the student will not listen to most of the things as it becomes more informative than what can be perceived at once. In this case, engaging the student in the learning process is essential. Therefore they should be asked to undertake some activity related to the lecture that is just been delivered. This will not only help in clearing the idea about the topic but will also help them focus on the practical use of the knowledge. Use of examples in every possible step, the use of examples should be clear and in a context that the students can easily relate to, this will help them build a better idea of the topic that is being discussed as there are several steps involved in the lecture providing relatable examples that will help in understanding the process better. This will help them understand the factors that contribute towards the complexities of project that has to be undertaken. The approach of the tutorial will be interactive so that the idea is clear in the minds of the people. The educator must ensure that the previous tutorials are clear and the concepts are completely understood by the student.

Environmental/Public Health Risks The Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Question: Describe about the Environmental/Public Health Risks for The Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Answer: Introduction Human beings are in constant interaction with their environment. As such, these interactions have an impact on the quality of life that they get to live healthy, and the health disparities. The relation of the environment to health is best defined by the World Health Organization as all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related behaviors (WHO, 2006). Therefore, environmental health comprises prevention or control of disease, disability, and injury related to the interaction between humans and their environment. One of the twenty-first-century key environmental health challenges is industrialization. It is a theme of major focus in many other disciplines of public policy; however, its the health discipline that particularly shows the shared outcome of a world thats globalizing, both the associated hazards and its potentials. While industrialization and the associated development provide opportunities for employment, socio-economic and education development, a number of environmental problems and health hazards also occur (Philp, 2015). Castleman (2013) reports that the impact of health determinants on people is sophisticated and the control of these determinants is often outside the capacity and responsibility of the health sector. For an effective action that can help solve urban related urban health problems, it is paramount that the efforts of various other sectors are incorporated like the non-governmental organizations, other government units, private companies, and the communities as well. As seen in the case of the Bhopal tragedy and those of other cities it is evident that governments of rapidly developing cities typically lack adequate revenues for the provision of public services. The rapid growth of the industry sector further strains the capacity of these governments to provide efficient health and safety procedures as necessary. More, it has been noted that the multinational corporations have a more powerful force than city governments in the provision of occupational health and safety and are more influential than even the local communities in mitigating this problem ("BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed", 2009). This paper, therefore, analyses the Bhopal tragedy and gives a detailed report on the findings and concludes with a recommendation for future developments towards cautioning the environment and public health against similar incidences. Studies on human health are reviewed and the effects that resulted from the exposure to methyl isocyanate gas th at eventually leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal, in 1984. The studies were conducted both in the early and the late recovery periods (Mishra et al., 2009). Background of the Bhopal Tragedy In the 1970s, the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) built a plant in Bhopal to manufacture Sevin, a commonly used pesticide across Asia. The government of India insisted that as part of the deal a significant percentage of the investment be from local shareholders (Shrivastav, 2011). As such, Indias government had a twenty-two percent stake in the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the firm. Bhopal was chosen because of its strategic location and the access to transportation and labor. The location site had been zoned for light commercial and industrial investment and not for hazardous activities. Initially, the company was approved for the sole formulation of pesticides from component pesticides in small quantities like the methyl isocyanate (MIC) from the mother company. Nonetheless, with the pressure to compete effectively, UCIL was forced to employ a backward integration- manufacturing raw materials and intermediate formulation products within the local facility. T his process was inherently more complex and hazardous (Mishra et al., 2009). In the 1980s the demand for pesticides declined in the subcontinent due to widespread crop failure and famine. Consequently, the Bhopal plant was producing nearly one-quarter of its production capacity (Dhara and Dhara, 2002). Therefore, local managers were advised to prepare the facility for closure and subsequent sale due to decreased profitability. Unfortunately, no ready buyer was found and the company decided to dismantle several of its production units for shipment to another developing country. At the same time, the company continued to make production with safety standards way below those of the sister branch in West Virginia, USA. On the other hand, the local government was in fear of placing heavy safety and industrial pollution control burdens on the struggling large employer for economic reasons (Dhara, 1994). On the second of December 1984 at around 1100 hours, while most of the Bhopal residents slept, one of the plant operators discovered a leaking MIC gas as well as a rising pressure in a storage tank. Three weeks prior to this event, the vent gas scrubber which is supposed to neutralize toxic discharges from the MIC system had been turned off. Unfortunately, a faulty valve had allowed a ton of water used for pipe cleaning to mix with forty tons of MIC (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara 1996; Eckerman, 2005). More, a refrigeration unit installed for safety purposes to cool the MIC tank had been transferred for use in another unit within the plant. This allowed the heat and pressure from the exothermic reaction inside the tank to continuously build up. Additionally, for three months, the gas flare system had been inactive. It was not until the next morning at around 0100 hours when a thunderous rumbling signaled a safety valve giving way sending a massive cloud of MIC gas into Bhopals mornin g air. Several hours later, the streets were filled with human corpses as well as livestock and birds carcasses. Nearly 3800 humans were found dead, mostly from the slum adjacent to the plant. Soon, local hospitals capacities were overwhelmed with patients. Even more challenging was the fact that physicians were not immediately aware of the exact gas that was causing the damage. This made Bhopal a synonymous name to industrial catastrophe marking the tragedy as one of the worst chemical disasters even experienced in the history of mankind (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara, 1997) A few days later nearly 10,000 cases were reported and nearly 20,000 premature deaths in the next two decades. The government of India reported that more than 500, 000 citizens had been exposed to the harmful gas. Epidemiology studies that followed indicated a marked increase in the morbidity and mortality rates in the affected population (University of Minnesota, 2016). However, the data in these studies may have been an underrepresentation of the true picture since the number of people who migrated from the area was not accounted for. Evaluation of the Aftermath The events that followed the Bhopal gas leak led to a significant increase in the development of activism and environmental awareness in India. These led to the creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) following the passing of the Environment Protection Act in 1986. This Act gave MoEF the overall responsibility to administer and enforce environmental policies and laws. MoEF established integrated environmental strategies into all the industrial development plans in India. Nonetheless, the governments efforts to protect public health, wildlife, and the environment through policies have taken precedence following developments in the countrys economy for the last three decades since the occurrence of the tragedy. Evidently, the nature of the chemical industry could have undergone huge changes following the Bhopal disaster with a possible re-examination of the necessity for the production of such harmful products. Still, agricultural practices have not changed and the use of harmful pesticide is a norm even after the lesson of acute and chronic effects of exposure to the pesticide in Bhopal. It is estimated that nearly three million individuals suffer the consequences of pesticide poisoning with a large percentage coming from the agriculturally developing countries (Dhara et al., 2002). More, this contaminations cause nearly 20,000 in India every year (Dhara et al., 2002). an example is the case of the state of Kerala which recorded significant morbidity and mortality due to continued use of a hazardous pesticide, Endosulfan, years later after the gas leak in Bhopal (Singh and Bhadoria, 2013). Since the tragedy, UCC has been shrinking and is now owned by the Dow Chemical Company after it was restructured and divested. This move saved the company from a hostile takeover giving the top executive and the shareholders bountiful profits while placing the assets of UCC safely away from the legal reach of the victims. The company still holds that the disaster resulted from deliberate sabotage (University of Minnesota, 2016). Adding insult to injury, the company discontinued its operations in Bhopal but failed to do a thorough clean-up of what remained at the industrial site. Consequently, several toxic elements continue to leak from the plant and end up in local aquifers (see appendix A, Page ) (Dhara and Acquilla, 2013). As a result, dangerously contaminated water has been added to the legacy of UCC in Bhopal. Public Health Implication The UCC-Bhopal tragedy also referred to as the Bhopal disaster of 1984 is one of the most historic industrial disasters to have ever hit mankind. A leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) and other gasses exposed hundreds of thousands of Bhopal residents to the hazardous effects of the plant (Dhara and Kriebel, 1993). In 2006, an official government declaration stated that the leak had caused nearly 558,000 injuries, 38,500 partial, and 3,900 permanent and severe disabling injuries (Dhara, 2013). Mass cremation and funerals were held as well as body disposal in River Narmada. Hospitals and temporary dispensaries treated approximately 170,000 patients. More than 2,000 livestock were collected and buried. The main composition of the gas cloud had materials that were denser than the surrounding air and therefore stay close to the surface, spreading outward to nearby communities (Varma and Mulay, 2015). Immediate effects of the exposure were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation, and a diffi culty in breathing. Shorter people, including children, were most affected as they inhaled concentration of the fumes. This section reviews the health effects of the gas exposure from published studies and gives details on some of the epidemiological and clinical issues being debated. Impact of the Disaster The direct results of the actual disaster were massive damages to the Bhopal population with regard to loss of life and property. These were just but the initial disaster. The wave of the effects of the initial triggered a chain of destructive events relating to the initial disaster through the cause-and-effect leading to indirect damages to the remote people. This can be referred to as the subsequent disaster. Physical Health Effects As discussed, the dense material in the gas cloud stayed close to the ground and rapidly spread outward through the surrounding community. The initial effects were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation and difficulty in breathing. According to Senthilkumar, Sah, and Ganesh (2016), thousands of those affected by the tragedy are still suffering from extensive lung damage and they can no longer engage in physical activities as walking a few steps sends them gasping for air. BBC (2009) reports that affected women show abnormal gynecological problems and still giving birth to children with abnormalities. Similarly, cases of abortion and premature birth are high amongst this population. Acute symptoms in this group include inflammation of the eyes and the respiratory tract, forced breathing, vomiting, and abdominal pains. Additionally, a study by Samarth, Gandhi, and Maudar (2013) indicates that autopsies showed that there were also marked changes in the kidneys, and the liver. The rate of neonatal mortality increased by approximately 200 percent while that of stillbirth increased by up to 300%. Psychological Health Effects Senthilkumar et al. (2016) assert that health problems have severe psychological repercussions. These health problems include endocrinal and gynecological problems, as well as high levels of reproductive difficulty and abnormal menstruation coupled with high incidences of miscarriages. Children born to women affected by the gas and the infected water tend to suffer from a wide array of psychological disorders including congenital deformities, physical and mental disabilities. More specifically, women in the more religiously conservative and deprived communities suffer from chronic illnesses and have reproductive difficulty which renders them undesirable to marriage. This forces them to bear the significant social stigma. Furthermore, the condition experienced by these women being unable to conceive and deliver healthy children sentences them to live their lives without ever getting married meaning that one may live a life without ever attaining economic security. Environmental Effects As of today, chemicals littered at the site of the plant continue to leak polluting the groundwater. These contaminations at the site and the surrounding areas were not as a direct result of the gas leakage (Mehta et al., 1990). Dhara and Kriebel (1993) further reported that the local government had made a declaration in 1991 confirming that over 100 wells were not fit for drinking. More, a UCC laboratory test in 1989 showed that water and soil samples collected from adjacent areas to the factory were highly toxic to fish. More than twenty areas within the facility were, marked as higher polluted from this experiment. By 1994, it was found that chemicals had seriously contaminated 21 percent of the premises. Studies on groundwater, soils, vegetables and wells from communities around the factory revealed a range of heavy contaminations from chemical compounds and toxic metals. According to the reports, the substances found include mercury, alpha-naphthol, naphthol naphthalene, lead, chromium, copper, organochlorines, hexachloroethane, nickel, Hexachlorobutadiene halo-organics, volatile organic compound, and pesticide HCH (BHC). At the same time, many of these compounds were found in breast milk. Conclusion A synergy of the very worst Indian and American cultures was the cause of the Bhopal gas leak tragedy. Health and safety procedures were below standard (Samarth et al., 2013). Neither the companys management nor the government seemed concerned with taking precautionary measures. The fact is, no one was prepared for the adverse effects that were evident following the leakage; not the company, the government or even the locals. There was no prompt action from any of these stakeholders. Indias legal system was a disgrace to its people, failing miserably at such a crucial moment. The action was therefore taken to improve the system for the betterment of the nation and the peoples safety. International treaties were signed to give justice to people suffering from similar tragedies (Dhara, 2013). Multinational corporations operating within India must agree to comply with the conditions of doing business one being that they will be under jurisdictions of the Indian civil and criminal courts. It is mandatory that they take responsibility for their inactions in subsidiaries within the host country and not disown them I the face of tragedy. Union Carbide Corporations top management attempts to shift the blame of the gas leak to the managers in the Indian subsidiary must be seen as an act of cowardice. More, the Madhya Pradesh government was equally accountable. It was the state governments administrative duty to play its role in regulation and supervision. Recommendations Events of the Bhopal incident revealed to the world that industrial evolution without concurrent evolution in environment health and safety can be catastrophic. The tragedy illustrated the link between dynamics of global markets and local environmental and health disasters. The Sevin plant was established in Madhya Pradesh, not for the purpose of avoiding America's environmental regulation but to exploit the growing and seemingly large pesticide market in India and her neighbors (Dhara, 1994). However, the approach used to execute the project suggested that multinational corporations applied double standards in their operations in developing countries. If operating regulations were internationalized for hazardous industries, then the case of Bhopal might have been different. With significant international safety measures and standards, even without enforcement, industries could have norms to measure the performance of companies that engage in hazardous activities like pesticide produ ct, and other toxic materials. Therefore, the Indian government and international organizations should focus on applicable measures for corporate responsibility and the prevention of accidents in advanced and developing economies across the world. More specifically, prevention approaches should focus on the reduction of risk on and legislation of safety in the surrounding environment (See appendix II, page ). It is clear that local governments can no longer allow industrial plants to be located within urban locations, despite the evolution in land use over time. Government and industry should bring proper capital support to locals so as to provide necessary public facilities like hospitals and schools in order to minimize mortality, morbidity, and loss of property in case fatal industrial accidents (Environmental health, 2016). In 1984, Bhopal had limited public infrastructure. Basically, tap water was scarce and was only available for a few hours and the quality was not healthy at all. The communities lacked a functional sewage system and therefore, residents disposed of their untreated waste in nearby water sources; including drinking water source. Bhopal four main hospitals but they lacked sufficient beds and physicians. The city also lacked a response system for mass casualty emergencies. It is, therefore, important that public health facilities are accounted for when industries considered the hazardous site a manufacturing plant. The management of future industrial development needs to formulate appropriate approaches for the prevention of disasters. Communities lacking expertise and infrastructure to adequately respond to industrial accidents should not have hazardous industries located near them. ISO 31000 (2009) provides a risk management benchmark. It states that a risks affecting organizations can have consequences in terms of economic performance and professional reputation, as well as environmental, safety and societal outcomes, (ISO.org). Thus, effective risk management helps organizations to record efficient performance in an environment filled with uncertainties. With uncertainties comes the need to boost the level of confidence. Initiating a business risk management plan requires the identification of associated risks and increasing the level of confidence in managing those risks. More, these risks are typically specific to a business or industry and can be traditional or emerging. These risks may even be preventable suggesting that compliance rules can be created. They can also be challenging as external or strategic risks. Nonetheless, participating parties can benefit from an integrated risk management approach; managing cross-functional assessment teams within an organization; and, effectively communicating risks and treatment plans to all organizational levels. References BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed. (2009). News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7961062.stm Bhopal gas tragedy. (2016). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.slideshare.net/biswadeep44/bhopal-gas-tragedy-14008712 Broughton, E. (2005). The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environmental Health, 4(1), 1. Castleman, B. I. (2013). The migration of industrial hazards. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Cullinan, P., Acquilla, S. D., Dhara, V. R. (1996). Long-term morbidity in survivors of the 1984 Bhopal gas leak. National Medical Journal of India, 9, 5-9. Cullinan, P., Acquilla, S., Dhara, V. R. (1997). Respiratory morbidity 10 years after the Union Carbide gas leak at Bhopal: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ, 314(7077), 338. Dhara, R. (1994). Health Effects of the Bhopal Gas Leak: A Review. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal Of Environmental And Occupational Health Policy, 4(3), 35-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ns4.3.g Dhara, V. R. (2013). What ails the Bhopal disaster investigations?(And is there a cure?). International journal of occupational and environmental health. Dhara, V. R., Acquilla, S. (2013). Regarding distance of residence in 1984 may be used as exposure surrogate for the Bhopal disaster-further observations on post-disaster epidemiology. The Indian journal of medical research, 138(2), 270. Dhara, V. R., Dhara, R. (2002). The Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal: a review of health effects. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 57(5), 391-404. Dhara, V. R., Kriebel, D. (1993). Editorial: The Bhopal Gas Disaster: It's Not Too Late for Sound Epidemiology. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 48(6), 436-437. Dhara, V. R., Dhara, R., Acquilla, S. D., Cullinan, P. (2002). Personal exposure and long-term health effects in survivors of the union carbide disaster in Bhopal. Environmental health perspectives, 110(5), 487. Eckerman, I. (2005). The Bhopal gas leak: Analyses of causes and consequences by three different models. Journal of loss prevention in the process industries, 18(4), 213-217. Environmental health. (2015). World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ Hygiene and Environmental Health HEAT Module. (2016). Open.edu. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=188printable=1extra=thumbnail_idm40603264 ISO31000. (2009). Risk management Principles and guidelines. Iso.org. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:31000:ed-1:v1:en Mehta, P. S., Mehta, A. S., Mehta, S. J., Makhijani, A. B. (1990). Bhopal tragedy's health effects: a review of methyl isocyanate toxicity. Jama, 264(21), 2781-2787. Mishra, P.K., R.M. Samarth, N. Pathak, S.K. Jain, S. Banerjee and K.K. Maudar. (2009). Bhopal gas tragedy: Review of clinical and experimental findings after 25 years. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 22: 193-202. Philp, R. B. (2015). Ecosystems and human health: toxicology and environmental hazards. CRC Press. Samarth, R. M., Gandhi, P., Maudar, K. K. (2013). A retrospective review of cytogenetic studies on methyl isocyanate with special reference to the Bhopal gas tragedy: Is the next generation also at risk?. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 26(3), 324-336. Senthilkumar, C. S., Sah, N. K., Ganesh, N. (2016). On the long-term effects of methyl isocyanate on cell-mediated immunity in Bhopal gas-exposed long-term survivors and their offspring. Toxicology and industrial health, 0748233716645480. Shrivastav, R. (2011). Bhopal Gas Disaster: Review on Health Effects of Methyl Isocyanate. Research Journal Of Environmental Sciences, 5(2), 150-156. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2011.150.156 Singh, S., Bhadoria, S. (2013). Bhopal gas tragedy: a revisit to pick out some lessons we have forgotten in 28 years. Int. J. ChemTech Res., 5(2), 815-819. The university of Minnesota. (2016). The Bhopal Disaster : Student Website for PubH 6101: Environmental Health : University of Minnesota. Enhs.umn.edu. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://enhs.umn.edu/current/2008studentwebsites/pubh6101/bhopal/environment.html Varma, D. R., Mulay, S. (2015). Methyl isocyanate: The Bhopal gas. Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, 293-312. World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing disease through healthy environments. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2006.

Opinion II Essays - Fluxus, Video Artists, Guggenheim Fellows

Opinion II Choose one of these that you believe to be the most important function of art criticism. Using the function as your guide, write a short critical essay of the work titled Global Groove by Nam June Paik. ?Offer insight into the relationships between art and life, and science, economics, politics, religion, ethic, etc? is believed to be the most important function of art criticism. In the following, we are going to discuss video art. Video is surely the most popular media in the world, it does contains a lot of information about sports, news, entertainment? As much as we can think of, it is provided to us by video, which subs in a lot of imaginations. In order to figure out what relationships between art and life, we use Global Groove by Nam June Paik as an example. Through the develop of camera and video cam, the photography has become very common in our daily life. In a time that over 70% of household own at least one camera, it shows how technological devices influence us. Global Groove is an example of video in 1970s. In the meantime, it is unusual to perform the video in the way that Paik did. He performed the video by lots of textual makeup to a high-spirited, and raids of seditious editing. This combination is the result of our economic, politics and religious. In 1973, Global Groove was produced. In the meantime, Paik began to produce a series of video, Global Groove is one of those. Video art is the same meaning of technology. It is significant that artists use video as a media and the imaginations combined with technical skills. Just as the same as in Global Groove, it uses the audio and video integration, colorization, ironic resemblance to push forward the development of both art and technology. Paik's Global Groove represents a new form of art. Not only that, it also show us how important to try. He gives us area to think more significantly. We all know that creativity is needed in all kinds of area, and art is a media to raise our creativity, or try to wake up our spirit. Therefore, art is a very important subject in life. It improves our imaginations, expresses our feelings, and gives us area to form new creations? It does have a lot of value in life. All in all, without art, lives will be so dull. Without art, we do not have entertainment and technology. Everything started in art and expand into other kinds of subject. It is art to give us so much. No wonder, ?Offer insight into the relationship between art and life, and science, economics, politics, religions, ethics, etc? is the foremost function of art criticism.

Exploring Strategy The WritePass Journal

Exploring Strategy Abstract Exploring Strategy ) defines the PESTEL as an integrated analysis including the elements of political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environment and legal in order to determine a sectors capacity. 2.1.1 Political Politically, the Hi-Fi sector is supported in their effort to produce a superior product for a diverse international market (Jansson and Waxel, 2011). Politics influence the modern Hi Fi market to continually innovate and build, reflecting the Hi-Fi industry need for continuous technological input. Regulations and taxation play a direct role in how well the Hi Fi industry international trade statutes have the potential to promote positive development (Jansson et al, 2011). Companies including the advanced manufacturing firm Linn contribute a substantial amount in taxes and international revenue to their nations coffers, enhancing the political need to protect them (The Economist, 2014). Companys including Richer Sounds maintain 100 per cent UK operations, using this support as a means of positive branding (Sounds, 2014). The Telegraph (2010) article lays out the attractive tax cuts that the Chinese government utilizes to entice the emerging Hi Fi companies to set up operation there. With each tax rate adjustment companies including Acramm Quad and NAD among others will seek out tax havens that allow them to retain revenue (Telegraph, 2010). Decisions by the UK regulatory body, including the decision to take the nation digital has a great deal of influence on the continued development of the UK Hi Fi industry (Kessler, 2014). With figures illustrating that only one in 20 have receivers capable of this new transmission as well as only 40 per cent of new vehicles are equipped with the technology, there is a considerable gap to be addressed before implementation (Kessler, 2014). 2.1.2. Economic Economic factors in for Hi-Fi firms have the potential to substantially assist nations in their economic recovery efforts (The Economist, 2014). This factor impacts the Hi Fi industry with through direct acknowledgement and support of technological advances (Macintosh, 2010). Lacking this opportunity for growth stagnates the market directly influencing production and development.. International statistics demonstrate a slow 1% growth rate in the industry over the past year (Euromonitor.com. 2014). Yet, long term country reports indicate a steady pattern of growth (Euromonitor.com, 2014). The Hi Fi industry has begun to focus on the high end products including Acram’s newest cinema receiver citing the argument that features are more important than fidelity (End, 2014). The economy can create issues for the industry by failing to provide consumers with the funding to buy products. Linn, another UK Hi Fi brand has used this same philosophy to become a leader in the audiophile str eaming music hardware area, a very rapidly developing area (End, 2014). Yet, there is a real potential for a lack of innovation that fails to produce useful products. Further establishing this trend is Naim’s offering of hi resolution music products that appeal to the very high end market including the Nait 5si and the SuperNait 2 (End, 2014). However, the economic conditions can hinder the opportunity for these offerings to take hold. 2.1.3. Socio-culture The very nature of the spread of technology is a benefit for the Hi-Fi industry (Andy, 1997; Macintosh, 2010; The Economist, 2014). Yet, if there is a perception of negativity surrounding any company or product, there is the opportunity for a diminished reach. With each new auditory advance, the Hi-Fi sector has an opportunity to utilize their technology to enhance that offering (May, Mason and Pinch, 2001). Yet, conversely, any misstep in the innovation process can set the entire effort back. The continuous advance in technology aids in producing new employment opportunities which enhances the entire system (Pratt, 1997). There is a strong desire on the part of the consumer and manufacturers to create the very best auditory offering (The Economist, 2014). This element of complementary competition enhances the potential in the Hi-Fi industry, yet increases the price consumers feel at the retailer. As company’s including Acram, Linn and Naim compete to produce high end offerings, the entire range of development opportunities benefits (End, 2014). This adoption of hi tech equipment has an associated ripple impact on stores that sell these products, increasing their technology capacity (End, 2014). As new products emerge, the stores upgrade in order to implement the product, thereby changing the entire culture surrounding the offering. 2.1.4 Technological There has been a historical shift from a Hi Fi industry based on individual components to a modern real market based on emerging technology (Sounds, 2014). This factor directly impacts the Hi Fi industries capacity to produce useable products. With the advances technology has created including the inclusion of LCD television, audiophile and multi room Hi Fi progress there is a perception of increasing value in the industry. The increase in complexity alongside reduction in size and integrateable capacity make Hi-Fi products critical components for many new technologies (The Economist, 2014; Macintosh, 2010). This is a clear indication of the support that each of these areas offers the Hi-Fi sector. Online advances including internet offerings have the potential to increase the utilization of the Hi-Fi product, thereby increasing the markets intrinsic value (Macintosh, 2010). Today’s leaders in the industry including Rob Follis cite the fact that modern Hi Fi offerings are better than ever before (End, 2014). This fact includes the recognition that as technology continues to turn from individual components to integrated technology, the Hi Fi sector will continue innovate in order to remain relevant. 2.1.5 Environmental Modern production concerns can have an impact on the manufacturing of any Hi-Fi product (The Economist, 2014). These concerns can significantly slow development and production of any product line. With aspects including pollution during production there is the potential for this aspect to create detrimental operating conditions. This contention supports the argument that a strategy that incorporates these elements benefits the entire effort (Jansson et al, 2011). 2.1.6 Legal Multinational and international legalities have an opportunity to impact the Hi-Fi development and production capacity (Jannsson et al, 2011). As laws change as nations jockey for position and revenue causing a collateral impact for the companies involved. Competition between industry rivals can be fierce, requiring a strong a consistent legal awareness (The Economist, 2014). 2.2 Opportunities and Threats There is a real opportunity to capitalize on emerging technologies in order to expand the Hi-Fi industry capacity (The Economist, 2014). Yet, there is a threat of poorly designed products that diminish trade. Real time examples including continued development of the IPod and Ipad based technology, tablets and personal computers integration lead the way for considerable opportunities in the industry (Macintosh, 2010). The economic factors support the argument of growing opportunities in the field of home audio and visual serve to drive the consideration of potential revenue gain in the market (The Economist, 2014). Companies such as Linn and Acram have a unique opportunity to harness emerging technology in order to reach the high end clientele (End, 2014). Conversely, the PESTLE confirms the threat that any overextension in an effort to remain competitive can diminish production and development potential (Jannsson et al, 2011). Advances in the field of medicine provide ample opportunity for the Hi Fi industry to benefit from auditory related sales as well as building real brand awareness (The Economist, 2014). Elements of the Hi-Fi industry touch on the developing technology surrounding Wi-Fi and the internet, providing further opportunity for the industry to gain market share (Jannsson et al, 2011). Yet, the need for technology can slow a development process, diminishing a company’s revenue potential. An opportunity in the Hi-Fi industry rests in the field of cell phone and portable communication (The Economist, 2014). The PESTLE demonstrates that national and international variances in regulations can become a substantial detriment for the Hi Fi industry (Moodysson and Jonsson, 2007). There is a real threat for established companies including Acram, Quad and Warfeldale among others to move to China in order to take advantage of the lower tax brackets (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). Yet, each emerging market and technological advance is an opportunity for the Hi-Fi industry to further integrate (Macintosh, 2010). A balanced consideration must take place in order to successfully implement strategy. 2.3 Key drivers for change Leading the key drivers for the Hi-Fi industry is the need for advances in production, marketing and development (Macintosh, 2010; The Economist, 2014; Jannsson et al, 2011). Every new change at each level will have a direct impact on the consumer and the industry. The second driver remains the political environment on where these companies choose to develop their products (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). Lacking a positive environment, the capacity for the Hi Fi industry to operate will be further driven by the rate of revenue available in the market (End, 2014). These drivers will determine marketing efforts and production levels for every company in the market. 3 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 3.1 Porters Five Forces Huggins and Izushi (2011) define the Porter’s Five Forces model as efficient manner of market assessment including the element s of new entrants, substitution, bargaining power and competitive rivalry. 3.1.1 Threat of new entrants The growth potential of the Hi-Fi industry makes the threat of new entrants substantial (The Economist, 2014). There is a clear opportunity for increased brand awareness accompanied by the potential to add a substantial revenue stream to any company’s income. With companies including Linn and Acram focussing on the high end market, there is recognition of value that will be emulated by others (End, 2014). These elements are consistent with the needs of many competitors in other areas of the technology market such as computers, tablets and personal electronics (The Economist, 2014). The Hi-Fi industry is highly attractive to evolving and developing entities as well as established companies (Jannsson et al, 2011). Established companies can easily expand and advertise, while new entrants can progressively build and promote themselves. This area is of high concern due to the rate of new entrants. 3.1.2 Threat of Substitute products The Hi-Fi sector is dependent on technology, the availability of copies, or similarities in products is high (Jannsson et al, 2011). With emerging nations, such as China, offering substantial potential for competition this is a significant concern for any Hi-Fi strategy. Expanding on this same threat of substitution is the fact that some nations allow for copies of a successful product based on their own design (Jannsson et al, 2011). Regulation s and their enforcement have the potential to play a key role in reducing or increasing the substitutions for any Hi-Fi product on the market. With companies recognizing that products including the Xbox and Playstation among others, can take on the role of other instruments, the threat rises (End, 2014). Developing and competing products make this a category of high impact. 3.1.2 Bargaining power of customers The consumer centred nature of the Hi-Fi industry makes it highly dependent on the perception and application of their products (Jannsson et al, 2011). Any faulty offering or substandard item will directly impact the company’s bottom line (The Economist, 2014). Modern consumers demand an integrateable produce that has the latest technology at the lowest prices, making their overall bargaining power substantial. There is a need to remain on the edge in the mind of the consumer in order to continually expand brand loyalty (Macintosh, 2010). Acram and Linn’s current move into the upper end market has been favourably received by the consumers, driving their position in the market higher helping to advance their market share considerably (End, 2014). Yet, any failure would provide amply incentive for these same consumers to seek another brand (The Economist, 2014). Resting on the correct anticipation of needs this is an area of moderate to high priority. 3.1.3 Bargaining power of suppliers The high number of competitors alongside the proliferation of technology diminishes the bargaining power of suppliers (The Economist, 2014). If one company is not willing or able to make a product, there are several others that will (Moodysson et al, 2007). However, the more advanced technology that the company possesses, the more likely that that effort will be successful in the market (Jannsson et al, 2011). Yet, in the case of specific technology there is the real opportunity to have a strong bargaining strategy based on the knowledge the company has (Jannsson et al, 2011). If one company does not possess a certain technology, their associated bargaining position will suffer. Linn, noting the potential available in the market, spent liberally to develop the audiophile music download label that propels their current sales strategy (End, 2014). This example has been emulated by companies such as Naim, which hope to become a prominent member of the market (End, 2014). With many suppliers available, there is a low to moderate priority in this segment. 3.1.4 Intensity of competitive rivalry The potential for revenue and sustainability make the Hi-Fi sector highly competitive (Jannsson et al, 2011; The Economist, 2014). This rivalry consists of companies including Linn, Acram and Niam, often accounting for the majority of the market share, provides a dynamic illustration of the desire of each company to provide the very best Hi Fi product (End, 2014). There is competition at every level of production, development and marketing in order to make the most of the emerging product (Macintosh, 2010). However, this intensity of competition allows for a consistent series of technological advances which is a clear benefit to consumers and manufacturers (The Economist, 2014). With each advance the opportunity to become a market leader will lead to an intense effort to be the first producer. The competitive environment makes this element very high concern for the Hi Fi industry. 3.2 Industry Attractiveness There is a real opportunity to gain both brand awareness and consumer loyalty with a quality Hi-Fi offering, making the market attractive (The Economist, 2014). The long term consumer trend of sustainable spending is a further indication of positive long term market potential (Euromonitor, 2014). Yet, the fact that this is a well-known fact encourages other manufacturers to maintain a position in the market, making competition fierce (Moodysson et al, 2007)). Each of these factors supports an illustration of a growing market that offers both a ripe opportunity for success and an equally dismal chance for failure. Naim and Linn both demonstrate a high degree of value in the area of Hi Fi industry innovation which in turn increases the overall attractiveness of the market (End, 2014). This is a moderate factor in overall industry making the circumstances acceptable for continued expansion. 4 Conclusion Both the PESTEL and the Porter’s Five Forces evaluations have illustrated the potential for both sustained revenue gain as well as increased brand awareness. This is a supporting argument for a strategy including the Hi-Fi sector. However, the very competitive nature alongside the nuances of technological innovation provides ample potential for loss. With factors depending heavily on technology there is a genuine opportunity for gain to be considered in the Hi-Fi sector. 5 References David, F. R. 1999. Strategic management: Concepts and cases.  Prentice Hall. Euromonitor.com. 2014.  Home audio and cinema market research, industry trends. [online] Available at: euromonitor.com/home-audio-and-cinema [Accessed: 2 Mar 2014]. End, B. 2014.  British hi-fi companies seek sanctuary at audios new high end. [online] Available at: techradar.com/us/news/audio/hi-fi-radio/british-hi-fi-companies-seek-sanctuary-at-audio-s-new-high-end-1166158 [Accessed: 6 Mar 2014]. Huggins, R. and Izushi, H. 2011.  Competition, competitive advantage, and clusters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jansson, J. and Waxell, A. 2011. Quality and regional competitiveness.  Environment and Planning-Part A, 43 (9), p. 2237. Kessler, K. 2014.  SoundStage! Hi-Fi | SoundStageHiFi.com | The British Tree Huggers Get it Right For Once. [online] Available at: soundstagehifi.com/index.php/international/soundstage-uk/674-the-british-tree-huggers-get-it-right-for-once [Accessed: 6 Mar 2014]. Macintosh, R. 2010. Evolution and Revolution in the Hi-fi sector.  University of Glasgow, 1 (1), pp. 1-5. May, W., Mason, C. and Pinch, S. 2001. Explaining industrial agglomeration: the case of the British high-fidelity industry.  Geoforum, 32 (3), pp. 363376. Moodysson, J. and Jonsson, O. 2007. Knowledge collaboration and proximity the spatial organization of biotech innovation projects.  European urban and regional studies, 14 (2), pp. 115131. Pratt, A. C. 1997. The cultural industries production system: a case study of employment change in Britain, 1984-91.  Environment and Planning A, 29 (11), pp. 19531974. Sounds, R. 2014.  Richer Sounds The UKs Hi-Fi, Home Cinema Flat Panel TV Specialists!. [online] Available at: https://www.richersounds.com/information/aboutus_culture [Accessed: 6 Mar 2014]. Telegraph.co.uk. 2010.  UK hi-fi specialist Audio Partnership piggybacks China tech revolution Telegraph. [online] Available at: telegraph.co.uk/finance/china-business/7956963/UK-hi-fi-specialist-Audio-Partnership-piggybacks-China-tech-revolution.html [Accessed: 6 Mar 2014]. The Economist. 2014.  Streaming toddler. [online] Available at: economist.com/news/britain/21568425-prospects-upscale-hi-fi-maker-depend-music-industry-streaming-toddler [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014]. Waxell, A. and Jansson, J. 2013. Sound Affects: Competing with Quality in the Swedish hi-fi Industry.  Industry and Innovation, 20 (4), pp. 316335. Wu, K., Tseng, M. and Chiu, A. S. 2012. Using the Analytical Network Process in Porters Five Forces AnalysisCase Study in Philippines.  Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57 pp. 19. Uksel, I. 2012. Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis.International Journal of Business \ Management, 7 (24).

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 32

History - Essay Example n the blacks started to unite themselves in order to fight their freedom from the claws of slavery and also the Indians did not welcome the white in their land. â€Å"Violence had escalated on the frontier before the rebellion. Some Doeg Indians took a few hogs to redress a debt, and whites, retrieving the hogs, murdered two Indians. The Doegs then sent out a war party to kill a white herdsman, after which a white militia company killed twenty-four Indians. This led to a series of Indian raids, with the Indians, outnumbered, turning to guerrilla warfare.† â€Å"The resistance included stealing property, sabotage and slowness, killing overseers and masters, burning down plantation buildings, running away. Even the accommodation "breathed a critical spirit and disguised subversive actions." Most of this resistance, Genovese stresses, fell short of organized insurrection, but its significance for masters and slaves was enormous.† (Roll, Jordan 158) â€Å"Several witnesses said thousands of blacks were implicated in one way or another. Blacks had made about 250 pike heads and bayonets and over three hundred daggers, But the plan was betrayed, and thirty-five blacks, including Vesey, were hanged. The trial record itself, published in Charleston, was ordered destroyed soon after publication, as too dangerous for slaves to see.† â€Å"The Spaniards "thought nothing of knifing Indians by tens and twenties and of cutting slices off them to test the sharpness of their blades." Las Casas tells how "two of these so-called Christians met two Indian boys one day, each carrying a parrot; they took the parrots and for fun beheaded the boys." The Indians attempts to defend themselves failed.† â€Å"The white invaders seized land and stock, forced Indians to sign leases, heat up Indians who protested, sold alcohol to weaken resistance, killed frame which Indians needed for food. But to put all the blame on white mobs, Rogin says, would be to ignore "the essential roles played by

UK Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UK Constitutional Law - Essay Example "The special pre eminence which the king hath over and above all other persons and out of the ordinary course of the common law, in right of his legal dignity. It signifies, in its etymology (from Latin prae and rogo) something that is required or demanded before or in preference to all others." "The residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority which at any time is legally left in the hands of the Crown.Every Act which the executive government can lawfully do without the authority of an Act of Parliament is done in virtue of this prerogative (Dicey,1885) Notably Dicey's definition, unlike that of Blackstone's admits that the prerogative power is residual, inherent and particular to the Crown. In addition to this if we adopt Blackstone's classification it is possible to decipher two kinds of these powers as in the Sphere of "Domestic Affairs" and secondly in the matter of "Foreign Affairs". The powers or prerogatives inherent for a Monarch in the matter of Domestic Affairs are, the summoning and dissolution of Parliament, the appointment of a Prime Minister and all the other Ministers, the Royal Assent to bills, the granting of honours, defence of the realm (issues of national security),parens patriae over children, the power to stop criminal prosecutions, the power of mercy/pardoning of offenders, control of the civil service and of the royal fisheries. In the matter of foreign affairs these powers include treaty making provisions, Declarations of war and peace, state recognition, diplomatic relations and control of the armed forces engaged in combat outside the country. The background and the logic behind prerogatives can be explained in a rather historical context , ", the medieval monarchy was both feudal lord and head of the kingdom. As such, the King had powers accounted for by the need to preserve the realm against external foes and an 'undefined residue of power which he might use for the public good'. He could exercise the 'royal prerogative' and impose his will in respect of decision-making. Moreover certain royal functions could be exercised only in certain ways. The common law courts were the King's courts and only through them could the King decide questions of title to land and punish felonies. Yet the King possessed a residual power of administering justice through his Council where the courts of common law were insufficient."1 As far as the sovereign's personal prerogatives are concerned this will be the main issue of scrutiny within this paper. The Crown's personal prerogative powers are mainly recognised under the common law as the power to appoint the Prime Minister that is a person who will be in the best position to receive the support of the majority in the House of Commons. Practically however the Queen/King will have no impact on the political orientation of such a sovereign.2Secondly, the Monarch has the power to dissolve the parliament and allow for re-elections in certain circumstances.3 The third prerogative relates to the

Ase study on organizational structure Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ase on organizational structure - Case Study Example Different aspects will be discussed under systems and shapes such as goal recognition and statement, review of organizational environment, structure of the organization to accomplish the goals, as well as determination of authority relationships. Moreover, the paper will also attempt to identify the type of the new organization. Impact of Sale on Culture of New Organization Every organization in the contemporary environment experiences competition. With increased competition, many organizations are employing different strategies in order to make them acquire competitive advantage that will enable them stay in the market and business. There are different ways of acquiring competitive advantage such as employing a different pricing strategies, invention and innovation, employing exceptional staff, and mergers and acquisitions. Development of a combined organization will involve the idea of merger and acquisition as a management strategy in achieving competitive advantage (Cummings & Wo rley, 2006). ... The new combined healthcare organization will therefore employ three strategic units to ensure unity amongst the employees. These strategic unities include intellectual agenda, behavioral agenda, and process agenda. The intellectual agenda will ensure that employees from top to both have common strategy hence working together towards achieving the same. Behavioral agenda on the other hand will ensure that there is a strategy shaping employees’ behavior to a common code of conduct (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011). Lastly, through the process agenda, it will be easier for the healthcare organization to have a clear purpose and activities in which every employee will be expected to adhere to while in the firm. All the processes in the organization will be aligned to the firm’s strategy. In this case, the strategic unity package will ensure that employees work together to provide quality healthcare without taking a competitive stance. Organizational Structure The organizational s tructure will contain amongst other things, goal recognition and statement, organizational environmental review, structure, and authority of relationship. The following is a discussion of each of the aspects of organizational structure. Goal Recognition and Statement Goals recognition and statements within organization create vistas and rooms for employee performance towards a specific direction. Goals and statements ensure that an organization moves to a specific direction (Yaeger & Sorensen, 2009). What’s more, goals and statements provide a basis of creating organizational strategies aimed at achieving identified goals and statements. The new combined organization will therefore create a goal and statement to provide direction as well as basis of developing strategies. The goal

What is Corporate Social Disclosure (CSR) Disclosure in Perspective Accounting

What is Corporate Social Disclosure (CSR) Disclosure in Perspective Accounting Social Responsibilitys company is not a new concept in society but progressively expand along with other concepts. Social responsibilitys company which is referred as Corporate Social Responsibility theoretically still generated the contradiction. Corporate Social Responsibility started to become the big issue and studied by a lot of party since early year 1960 in United States and in the early 1970 in Europe. In this time, Corporate Social Responsibility is become the important issue in business world and society and its discussion coverage even also immeasurable progressively along with progressively its excitement growth and business world. Progressively is wide coverage of discussion of this Corporate Social Responsibility, definition which is made by expert more immeasurable. Beside that, terms which emerge along with growth of Corporate Social Responsibility even also increasing and varying. Definition about corporate social responsibility still is difficult found in literature accountancy. The definition need a lot of consideration and consensus about any kind of competent included into company responsibility. However, if we discuss about a company choice in disclosure social responsibility reporting, we will agree that a company take charge that must be expressed related to accountability, not Introduction According To World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publicizing entitling Making Good Business Sense (2002) citing statement of Lord Holme and Richard Watts (2000) defining social responsibility company is: Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. (www.mallenbaker.net) For a while according to Elkington (1997) in Utomo (2000), company responsibility help the attainment focussed three company efficacy consisted of the social efficacy, environmental, and financial. This concept is known as Triple Bottom Line Success of a Company. For more clear depicted is in following schema: The Existing Of Triple Bottom line Success of a Company triggered by Corporate Financial Responsibility (CFR). After that company effort to minimize negative affect from environmental problem (CER), and strive the company for behave to matching with social environmental expectation (CSR). There are interconnected sliver and overall of the responsibility viewed as contribution of company and business world in general in realizing sustainable development (Suwardjono, 2005). Another definition mention: Corporate Social Responsibility is the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of life. (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2002) Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility varied between definitions in one state with other state because what conceived of social responsibility form on the basis of awareness or initiative in one state just earn represent obligation in other state. For example, association of Corporate Social Responsibility in Ghana mentions: CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government (mallenbaker.net). While association of Corporate Social Responsibility in Filipina have a notion that CSR is about business giving back to society(mallenbaker.net). Organization Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe is CSR Europe (www.csreurope.com) have a notion that company have two responsibility type that is first commercial responsibility which run the business successfully and secondly is social responsibility that is company role in society, where in form of various activity done by company besides activity of attainment maximize profit. This activity for example environmental continuity, paying attention to employees prosperity, running business pursuant to existing ethics, and active participate in society environment in place where the company operate. Griffin in Essential Business mention the social responsibility company with the term of Social Responsibility define: The attempt of business to balance it commitments to group and individuals in its environment, including customers, other business, employees and investors. According to him, social responsibility represent effort to balance various commitment for responsible to all investor that is maximize the profit company. Beside that, company also take charge to its consumer which is market the good quality product a commitment that possible trigger increase production cost and make the company have to settle for the lower profit. This matter then result a lot of irresponsible company to its consumer because enthusiastic to gratify the investor. From various definitions above, writer can conclude that social responsibility company is company continuation effort to balance the aspect of social-economy company in order to fulfilling obligation demand to all stakeholders fairly and proportional. CSR Model As long as bibliography research, there is three view or model depicting about company involvement in social activity. Third model that shall be as follows (Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 2002): Classic Model This Opinion, expanding at 19th century, starting from perfect emulation concept, where economic perpetrator apart and differ from the other behavioral type and form. Company purposed to maximize profit. Criterion of company Efficacy measured by useful power and growth. According this opinion, effort that company done just to fulfill the market request and commercialize represent to capital owner. A Fundamentalist in this area, Milton Friedman, expressing: There is one and only one company responsibility, that is use owned properties to increase profit as long as according to rule of the game going into effect in a free computation system without deception and insincerity (Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom, 1962). Sharpness, company according to this opinion neednt think of social effect which generated its company and neednt think of effort to repair social disease Management Model This opinion arise about 1930, after emerging new challenge of company having the nature of differing from previous situation which colored by idea of classic model. According to this opinion, company considered to be instituting of permanent which life and have separate target. Manager as one who trusted by owner of capital run a business for the sake of not only owner of capital, but also they are direct in concerned with company life, like employees, customer, supplier, and existing other party that bearing with company which do not solely based to the existence of contract (Franc X Suttin et. al, 1956 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Thereby manager as team which responsible to the continuity of company life performed to chosen policy which must consider social responsibility company remember its relation with other party which also have share in attainment of company target which do not only thinking of return owner of capital. Social Environmental Model This Model emphasize that company believe that power of owned politics and economics have relation with importance source of social environment and not merely from market as according to classic model or theory. Its consequence company has to share active in finishing social disease which reside in its environment, like education system which is not certifiable, unlabor, pollution, dirty housing, not regular transportation, security, and others. If classic model have a purpose especial to secure and prosperous owner of secure and prosperous management model and capital of management, in this model company have to extend target which must reach of that is which concerning prosperity of social in general (Ahmed Belkoui 1980 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Thereby, in chose project to found, beside pay attention percentage of profit, also have to pay attention advantage and disadvantage which possibly will be suffered by society. Pursuant to perception cursorily, either due influence of society demand through governmental hand and also change of human being attitude in company in this time. These matters go into effect, either in capitalist state, socialist, more than in our state. Pro and Contra about CSR Problem do company requires to take charge of social or not, still become erudite debate. Each telling opinion and his support and claim that his idea is correct. Following the reason of supporter so that company has social responsibility and ethics that is (Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 2002): Involvement of social represents respond to society expectation and desire to role of company. On a long term, this matter very beneficial company. Involvement of social possibly will influence repair of environment, society, what possibly will degrade production cost. Improving company good name will generate customer sympathy, employees sympathy, investor, and others. Avoiding governmental interference in protecting society. So that if company has social responsibility possible can avoid demarcation of activity of company. Show positive respond company to value and norm going into effect in society, so that get society sympathy. As according to desire stockholder, in this case public. Lessening tension dislike of society to company which sometime hateful activity of society not possible to avoid. Assisting importance of national, like natural conservation, conservancy of artistic and culture goods, increase of people education, labor, and others. At others, reason of challenger which frowns on social responsibility concept of company shall be as follows: Calling away the attention company from target of the core important in searching profit. This will generate extravagance. Conducive involvement of company to politics game or power redundantly which in fact none its field. Generate the business environment which is homogeneous, not pluralistic. Social involvement need the big enough energy and fund which cannot be fulfilled by finite company fund, which can generate the bankruptcy or degrade the level of company growth. Involvement of complex such social activity need the energy and all expert which not yet already owned by company (Ahmed Belkoui, SEA 1984 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Social Accounting Definition of Accounting which is often met in literature is definition opened by American Institute of Certified Public Accountant (AICPA), that is as follows Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the result thereof. Other definition according to American Accounting Association (AAA) which shall no longer touch the word art but rather affirm at word of process (in Suwardjono, 2005): Accounting is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information. Definition which is much the same that according to AICPA 1970 that is (in Suwardjono, 2005): Accounting is a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intented to be useful in making economic decision. Paul Grady support the accountancy definition as science, representing definition completion from AICPA: Accounting is the body of knowledge and functions concerned with systematic ariginating, authenticating, recording, classifying, processing, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting, and supplying of dependable and significant information covering transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, required for the management and operation of an entity and for reports that have to be submitted thereon to meet fiduciary and other responsibilities. While for the congeniality of social accountancy, Ramanathan (1976) in Suwardjono (2005) defining as follows: Social accounting is the process of selecting firm-level social performance variables, measures, and measurement procedures; systematically developing information usefull for evaluating the firms social performance; and communicating such information to concerned social groups, both within and outside the firm. For a while according to Freedman (1989) : Social accounting has been defined as the ordering, measuring and analysis of the social and economic consequences of governmental and entrepreneurial behavior. From the congeniality above, if paid attention to that in general social accountancy congeniality in fact relate to accountancy congeniality. The different between conventional accountancy congeniality with the social accountancy is word of social itself. Social accountancy represents the conventional accountancy which deals with social transaction of company. While its accounting process basically is equal that is include the process of identifying, record-keeping, measurement, and disclosure. This matter is perceivable because social accountancy itself represents part of or the broader new scope conventional financial accounting Category Classifications Include in Social Accounting Social Accountancy can be told aim to measure and lay open entire expense and social benefit required by activity produce a company to yield the relevant information for interested parties for company. In line with the target, hence it is important to know scope from social accountancy before so that later can be identified the social benefit and type. Social accountancy scope represents the area becoming company attention referring to social impact disclosure of corporate activity. This scope social accountancy is divisible some category which different each other according to all expert. The difference because there is not standard format yet concerning category which must be mentioned by company in social responsibility reporting, considering that application of social accountancy does not have its regulation standard. Moreover, the category coalescence between companies which is one with other might possibly differ; depend on its requirement of each company and stakeholders. Following are opinions from some expert concerning the classifications category which is come within the social accountancys scope: 1) The National Association of Accountants Committee on Accounting for Corporate Social Performance, classification the primarily scope which require to be paid attention by company concerning his following social performance (Tuanakotta, Theodorus M, 1986 in Utomo, 2000) a) Society Involvement ( community involvement), covering activity most off all once will give the benefit to the society widely, for example development and house expenditure, philanthropy activity, planning and village repairing, and many more. b) Human resources are activities that give benefits to the employees, for example the practice program and uplifting of skill, repairing the working circumstance and atmosphere, policy concerning with the promotion and respective everything with the compensation to the employees. c) Physical Sources and environment contribution, that is hit the air quality and irrigate and also the voice pollutions controlling, and industrial garbage dismissal operation (continuation of environment) d) The Products Contribution / service, that is pay attention to the influence of product or service to the society by reckoning some consideration like product quality, product packer, product advertisement, rule of product warranty, and product security 2) Linowes in model of its social accountancy reporting classify three form categorize that is (in Freedman, 1989): a) Deal with society. b) Deal with environment. c) Deal with consumer 3) Parker (1989: 178 180) in Utomo (2000) mentioning the category which different each other for the type of reporting with the approach which different each other, that is: a) For the reporting model by Inventory Approach, consist of four categories: (1) labor, (2) community, (3) product, (4) environment. b) For the reporting model by Outlay-Cost Approach, consist of four categories: (1) personnel, (2) customer, (3) environment, (4) community. c) For the reporting model by the Cost Benefit Approach, consist of four categories: (1) employees, (2) consumer, (3) community, (4) environment. Disclosure Conceptually, disclosure represents the integral part from financial reporting. Technically, disclosure represents the final step in accountancy course that is information presentation in the form of a set full of the financial statement. Evans 2003, in Suwardjono, 2005) interpreting the disclosure as follow: Disclosure means supplying information in the financial statement, including the statements themselves, the notes to the statement, and the supplementary disclosures associated with the statement. It does not extend to public or private statements made by management or information provided outside the financial statement. More specific, Wolk, Tearney, and Dodd (2001), in Suwardjono, (2005) interpret the disclosures congeniality as follows: Broadly interpreted, disclosure is concerned with information in both the financial statement and supplementary communication including footless, post-statement events, managements discussion and analysis of operations for the forthcoming year, financial and operating forecasts, and additional financial statements covering segmental disclosure and extensions beyond historical cost. Evans limits the disclosures congeniality only at the things which is concerning with the financial reporting. The management statement in other; dissimilar mass media or newspaper and also information outside the financial reporting scope do not include in disclosure congeniality. Meanwhile, Wolk, Tearney, and Dodd also include the segmental financial statement and statement which reflected the prices change as part of disclosure. Expression also often meant as ready information more than what communicable in the form of formal financial statement. This matter seems in line with idea FASB in its conceptual framework as following (SFAC No. 1, PRG. 5, in Suwardjono, 2005): Although financial reporting and financial statements have essentially the same objectives, some useful information is better provided by financial statement and some is better provided, or can only be provided, by means of financial reporting other than financial statements. Disclosures Target In general, disclosures target presents the information which is considered necessary to reach financial reporting target and to serve various party having importance different each other. While the special target is as follows (in Suwardjono, 2005): 1) The Protection target The protection target based on the idea that do not all user sophisticated enough so that users which naÃÆ' ¯f require to be protected by laying open information which they not possible obtain or not possible to process information to catch the economic substations which base on a post of financial statement. In other word, disclosure intended to protect the management treatment which unjust possible and opened (unfair). 2) Informative Target Informative target based on the idea that user which is gone to clear with the certain sophisticated level. Thereby, disclosure instructed to provide the information which can assist user in making effective decision. 3) Special Requirement Target This Target represents the merger from the protection of public target and informative target. What have to be laid open to public limited by what considered necessary for user which is gone to, whereas for the purpose of observation, certain information have to be submitted to supervisor body pursuant to regulation through forms that claiming disclosure in detail. Other disclosure target that is according to Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). According to SEC of disclosure target categorized to become two that is: 1) protective disclosure, that intended as protection effort to investor, and 2) informative disclosure, which aim to give the competent information to report consumer (Wolk, Francis, and Tearney in Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003) There is different idea in the case of how far the wide of disclosure of financial statement ought to be conducted and information requirement of consumer differ. There are three concept of concerning broadness of financial statement disclosure, (Eldon S Hendriksen, 1997 in Suwardjono 2005) that is Adequate, Fair, and Full Disclosure. The concept what most often practiced is Adequate Disclosure, which is minimum disclosure which must be fulfilled to make financial statement as a whole do not mislead for the sake of decision making. Fair disclosure containing ethical target by providing competent information to potential reader. While full disclosure representing disclosure for all relevant information. Full disclosure owning impression of information presentation abundance, so that some parties exactly have a notion bad. Abundantly information will be productive contra because detail disclosure which not is important so exactly will close the significant information to cause the financial statement difficult to be interpreted. But competent disclosure about the significant information to all investor and other party shall be adequate, complete and fair. There is no a marked difference among this concepts if altogether utilized in competent context Meanwhile there are two type of disclosure in its relation with the conditions specified by standard, first is mandatory disclosure, which is minimum disclosure, required by accountancy standard going into effect. And the second is voluntary disclosure that is disclosure of items done voluntarily by company without obliged by regulation, though all public company obliged to fulfill minimum disclosure, they differ by substantial in number information addition expressed to capital market. Motivation and Reason of Doing Social Disclosure According to Suwardjono (2005), some motivation which possible push the environmental and social performance information disclosure for example: To maintain the legitimacy of company operation (Legitimacy Theory). According to Legitimacy Theory, company conduct the certain activity, included in matter of information disclosure, because in order to obtain the legitimacy from society where the company operate and also as a strategy to keep the good relation between the company with the outside party (especially stakeholders) To manage or influence the certain group stakeholders who is looked having the strong influence. In stakeholders theory, company considers the existence of expectation, which different each other of group stakeholders that affect on operation and policy of information disclosure. 3) To increase properties of all stockholder and manager. Positive Accounting Theory has the assumption that everyone does the activity because pushed by its private interest accomplishment. If everybody has activity to fulfill its private interest, hence it can be that manager set mind to disclosure the environmental and social information because they expect to get the make-up of properties from the disclosure activity. Make-up of this manager property possible got from profit improvement or assesses the company. 4) Manager confidence that company have the accountabilities or duty to provide the certain information. Disclosure of social and environmental responsibility performance information can be pushed because manager believes that various group stakeholders entitled to know the operate implication for the company to environmental and social quality. 5) To hinder or preceding the effort recognition/making of disclosure regulation that more weighing. Manager do the environmental and social performance information disclosure in order to hindering government depress the pertinent industry, very possibly will disturb because too much reporting requirement. While the motivation and the reason why company conduct the social disclosure, which got from opinion ambit of all experts, for example: 1) To create the good impression about social value of company. Companies use social information to present themselves with a prosperous image and to show that they exhibit the same social norms and values as those of their society. (Parsons, 1956 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) 2) To support the continuity of company business. For companies to continue to survive and grow, they need to perform well and undertake various socially desirable actions, including distribution of economic, social or political benefits to the groups from whom they derive their power. (Shocker and Sethi, 1973 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) 3) To increase company legitimacy before stakeholders. The disclosure of social information is used as a means of legitimising corporate actions as well as projecting their values and ideas. (Dieckers and Voght, 2000 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) Companies disclose social information to legitimise their own existence. (Brown and Deegan, 1998 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000) 4) As an effort for the minimization of Business Risk. Pursuant to the result of research into the Trotman and Bradley (1981, in Utomo 2000), by conducting social disclosure hence company will own the high systematic risk (for a while controlling easier for systematic risk than non-systematic risk). Social Disclosure in Annual Report Disclosure defined as providing a number of information required for the optimally operation in an efficient capital market (Hendriksen, 1996, in Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003). There is a mandatory disclosure that is information disclosure which is obliged to be done by company rely on a certain standard or regulation, and there is having the character of voluntary, representing information disclosure exceed the minimum conditions from regulation going into effect. Each unit/economic perpetrator trying for importance of stockholder and its concentration at profit attainment also take charge of social responsibility, and that matter require to be expressed in annual report, as expressed by FASB (in Suadilman, 2000 in Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003) and AICPA: Financial Reporting include not only financial statement, but also other means of communicating information that relates, direct or indirect, to the information provided by the accounting system. New releases, managements forecasts or other descriptions of it plans or expectations, and descriptions of its plans or expectations and descriptions of an enterprises social or environmental impact are examples or reports giving financial informations other than financial statements. (FASB, 1978 in Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003) An Objective of financial statements is to report on these activities of the enterprise affecting society which can be determined and described or measured and which are important to the role of enterprises in its social environment.(Trueblood Commite Report, AICPA, 1973, in Suwaldiman, 2006) Annual Report Definition of annual report is as follows : At the top every analysts list (of financial reports used by analysts) is the annual report to share holders. It is the major reporting document and every other financial report is in some respect subsidiary or supplementary to it. Annual report is obliged to be submitted by company enlisting in Stock Exchange as activity reporting during one previous year to interested parties (stakeholders). Overall of content from annual report is not arranged by profession authority in charge like Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia (IAI), but arranged by Regulator of Stock Exchange that is Bapepam. The objective of annual report is: Useful to users of annual report in making investment, credit, and other decisions. Providing comprehensive report about the company prospect in future of operation activity, finance, and other relevant information. Providing information about the claims of company resources and also its change. Industrial Type High-Profile Company which is included in industrial type High-Profile according to Robert ( in Hackston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) is company having high level sensitivities to environment, high politics risk or tight competition. While Diekers Preston ( in Hacston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) depicting industry which that High-Profile as follows : companies whose economic activities modify the environment, such as extractive industries, are more likely to disclose information about their environmental impact than are companies in order industries. Cowen Et.Al. ( in Hackston Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) enhancing as follows : Consumer-oriented companies can be expected to exhibit greater concern with demonstrating their social responsibility to the community, since this is likely to enhance corporate image and influence sales. High-Profile Companies generally representing company that obtaining focus from society because its operation activity owns the potency for correlated with the wide importance. Generally, society more sensitive to high-profile company because they negligence in security of production process and their result can bring the fatal effect for society. High-Profile Company is more sensitive to desire of consumer or other party which have importance to its product (Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003). We can say that high-profile Company has possibility to cause the damage of other social impact or environment. The example is mining company, management of forest resource, chemical industrial and industrial agro, representing industry claiming wise social impact management remember its operation have impact with society life. Real example, in life is the case of gas leakage at Lapindo Company has fatal impact to society. As for company which classified in industrial group of high-profile according to Robert ( in Hackston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) for example other oiling company and mining, chemical, forest, paper, automotive, air transport, agribusiness, tobacco and smoke, food and beverage product, media and communications, energy (electrics), engineering, health, and also transportation and tourism. Industrial Type Low-Profile Low-Profile Company represent the company which dont obtaining wide focus from society if their operation fail or mistake at certain aspect in process and result. When compared to high-profile company, company categorized in industry low-profile more tolerance by society if they doing mistake (Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003). We can say that low-profile industry represent the industry type owning level of social risk which lowers than high-profile