Definition and Examples of Symbolic Action

A term used by 20th-century rhetorician Kenneth Burke to refer in general to systems of communication that rely on symbols. Symbolic Action According to Burke In Permanence and Change (1935), Burke distinguishes human language as symbolic action from the linguistic behaviors of nonhuman species. In Language as Symbolic Action (1966), Burke states that all language is inherently persuasive because symbolic acts do something as well as say something. Books such as Permanence and Change (1935) and Attitudes Toward History (1937) explore symbolic action in such areas as magic, ritual, history, and religion, while A Grammar of Motives (1945) and A Rhetoric of Motives work out what Burke calls the dramatistic basis of all symbolic action. (Charles L. ONeill, Kenneth Burke. Encyclopedia of the Essay, ed. by Tracy Chevalier. Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) Language and Symbolic Action Language is a species of action, symbolic action--and its nature is such that it can be used as a tool. . . .I define literature as a form of symbolic action, undertaken for its own sake.(Kenneth Burke, Language as Symbolic Action. Univ. of California Press, 1966)To comprehend symbolic action, [Kenneth] Burke dialectically compares it with practical action. The chopping down of a tree is a practical act whereas the writing about the chopping of a tree is a symbolic art. The internal reaction to a situation is an attitude, and the externalization of that attitude is a symbolic action. Symbols can be used for practical purposes or for sheer joy. For instance, we may use symbols to earn a living or because we like to exercise our ability to use them. However philosophically distinct the two are, they often overlap.(Robert L. Heath, Realism and Relativism: A Perspective on Kenneth Burke. Mercer Univ. Press, 1986)The lack of a clear definition of symbolic action in The Philosophy of Liter ary Form [Kenneth Burke, 1941] is not the weakness some might imagine it to be, for the idea of symbolic action is just a beginning point. Burke is simply distinguishing between broad classes of human experience, with the intention of confining his discussion to the dimensions of action in language. Burke is more interested in how we craft language into a strategic or stylized answer (that is, in how symbolic action works) than in defining symbolic action in the first place. (Ross Wolin, The Rhetorical Imagination of Kenneth Burke. Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2001) Multiple Meanings The conclusion to be drawn from setting various definitions of symbolic action side by side is that [Kenneth] Burke does not mean the same thing every time he uses the term. . . . An examination of the many uses of the term reveals that it has three separate but interrelated meanings . . .: linguistic, representative, and purgative-redemptive. The first includes all verbal action; the second covers all acts which are representative images of the essential self; and the third includes all acts with a purgative-redemptive function. Clearly, symbolic action includes much more than poetry; and clearly, almost anything from the full range of human action could be a symbolic act in one or more of the senses given above. . . .Burkes almost dogmatic assertion that all poetic acts are always symbolic acts in all three meanings is one of the unique features of his system. His argument is that though any act may be symbolic in one or more ways, all poems are always representative, purgative-redemptive acts. This means that every poem is the true image of the self which created it, and that every poem performs a purgative-redemptive function for the self. (William H. Ruec kert, Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, 2nd ed. Univ. of California Press, 1982)

The Age Of The Vampire - 1793 Words

The Age of the Vampire From Literature to Twilight, Vampires have been in the public eye for decades. The characteristics may change as will the looks but they have the same amount of popularity. It all started in 1897, the writings of Bram Stoker gave the world the story of Dracula. This story is considered the source material for all vampires to follow. Many of the characteristics laid out in Dracula can still be easily found in current vampire movies. Though there was never a â€Å"golden age† for vampire movies, as it is a subgenre for film, it did greatly participate in the golden age of horror films, giving greatly to the popularity of horror films. This popularity still demands a very active hold on film goers today. Bela Lugosi is the poster child for the character of Dracula. He set the tone for what a good vampire in the 1931 film Dracula. After Lugosi, Christopher Lee is the next person credited with the popularity of vampire movies. Lee has starred in 10 separate m ovies as Count Dracula, the quality of the movies and Lee’s prior acting credits gave way to the resurgence of Dracula in the mid 1900’s. All of these credits however mean nothing in the world of film without the movies that kicked everything off, Nosferatu, the 1922 film keeps true to the book Dracula. This allowed a new archetype to come to the world of film. This archetype however, has undergone dramatic changes over the decades. From Nosferatu to the new release of Dark Shadows, change has clearlyShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of The New Zealand1495 Words   |  6 Pageslives of three vampires, Viago, Deacon and Vladislav as they struggle to try to cope with the complexities of modern life. Living in a flat in Wellington, these modern day vampires are faced with the mundanities of everyday life, and things such as paying rent, trying to get into nightclubs and overcoming flatmate conflicts prove to be extremely difficult. What We Do in the Shadows is unique in that it combines parody and cinematography, while also using a mixture of two genres, vampire and mockumentaryRead MoreThe Romantic Period Stressed Instincts, Affection, and Love1422 Words   |  6 Pagesin England in late 18th century. The rise of the movement was precipitated by the issuing of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge .The movement came to cope up with the general tenors of the Industrial and Enlightenment age .It stressed on things like instincts, affection , love,the heart over the head .It came also to celebrate such things as mysticism and the natural world.Romanticism also highlighted feelings as fear, fright, terror, horror and wonderment. The movementRead MoreEssay on Reasons for Popularity of Buffy The Vampire Slayer1515 Words   |  7 PagesReasons for Popularity of Buffy The Vampire Slayer Vampire stories have been told for hundreds of years, and like all things, they have evolved with time. As technology has moved forward so did the stories, and vampire films soon became popular. These stories have recently moved onto the small screen, the most popular of which, a modern adaptation of the tradition vampire myth called Buffy the Vampire Slayer. This popular programme has a massive following here inRead MoreBlood Themes In Dracula1165 Words   |  5 Pagesexchange of blood being used for the vampire’s sexual desire, it is also used as a mean of reproduction for the vampires, as well. I think we are all used to thinking vampires and their drinking of human blood revolves around their arousal of death and aggression towards humans. Of course, it is, but more so in depths of what I stated above. What exactly is the significance of vampires and their desire for blood? I believe it is the power they gain by sucking another human’s blood. The pointRead MoreReview Of Jemaine Clement s The Shadows 1482 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern representations of vampires paired with conventional forms of vampire representations. This shift shows the new found moral ambiguity that was not present within more predatory portrayals of the vampire genre. Each of the flatmates represents a former portrayal of vampires within the horror genre. We can see how What We Do In The Shadows is drawing from previous texts to make commentary on the shift within the genre and within society. Earlier representations of vampires were developed in theRead MoreVampires And Its Effects On Society1318 Words   |  6 Pageshad gotten more attention in recent years are vampires. Vampires have changed from scary monster to attractive dead people because of how the media portrays them now a day. Some people are fascinated by this monster so much that some have created cults saying they are vampires too. The thing people have to understand is that vampires have never existed and were just created to explain the unexplainable. According to the Oxford English Dictionary vampires are defined as â€Å"A preternatural being of a malignantRead MoreSemiotic Study of Vampires and Vampires Lore1678 Words   |  7 PagesMICA | Semiotic Study of Vampires and Vampire Lore | Individual Assignment for Semiotics | | | | Submitted by: Payel Basu Roll No: 113B A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore, with an eye on the different cultural implications that arise through the ages. | ------------------------------------------------- A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore. The field of semiotics exists because of the realization that society has a desire to create and produce signsRead MoreAre You A Fan Of The Supernatural? Do You Believe In Things1744 Words   |  7 PagesAre you a fan of the supernatural? Do you believe in things such as ghosts, vampires, werewolves, or zombies? Perhaps you simply like to watch those types of things. Whatever your standpoint is, supernatural beings are more popular than ever. Vampires, in particular, have fascinated audiences of all ages for decades. While the term â€Å"vampire† is more recent, people have been telling stories of blood-sucking demons since ancient times. Many of these stories tell of people who used to consume bloodRead MoreDracula, Gothic And Epistolary Novels Of Dracula And Bram Stokers Dracula1357 Words   |  6 PagesVampires are not completely fictional. In the late 1890s Bram Stoker takes historical information and old European folktales to create famous Gothic novels like Dracula; Be fore writing Dracula, he studied for eight years stories of vampires. The title of Stoker’s story has historical significance to Vlad Dracul the 3rd, a Wallachian ruler who impaled his victims on stakes. Bram Stoker also was influenced by his lifetime, before the publication of Dracula, Gothic and Epistolary novels were on theRead MoreThe Folklore of the Undead Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesgood reason. Some people who claim to be Vampires or Vampire hunters are in fact only doing it to get attention, such as the Dogs Of War â€Å"vampire hunting group† who later admitted to being frauds.(www.choronzon.com) There are also many conflicting ideas of what a vampire is, or on definitions of vampires. Vourdalak vampires, for instance, are always female, whereas, while females are more commonly vampires, it is by no means a rule in other folklore. (Vampire Grimoire) The Zmeu, on the other hand,

Imparting Knowledge for Strategic Communication †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Imparting Knowledge for Strategic Communication. Answer: Introduction: Teaching or imparting knowledge is nothing but strategic communication, and the effectiveness of the process depends upon a number of factors. This process involves many dynamics which help in developing a perspective and knowledge base in a student. A student expects that a teacher will not only provide information but also will understand the gap in communication (if any) and will work towards solving the issue. Technology is extensively used to communicate with the students in class as well as outside in order to make sure that they have an easy access to information and assignment submission process. Some of these attributes will be used in teaching the students regarding project complexities. Project management has a lot of attributes and factors that has to be considered while undertaking the calculation and complexities that are involved in the project. Before starting the tutorial the students should be given out the material and the relevant sources in order to be prepared f or the lecture. This will help in making them prepared for the class and get them acquainted with the topic that is going to be dealt with. The approach that will be taken in order to deliver the tutorial will be interactive sessions. In this process these are the following steps that will be taken. Use of info-graphics: in order to make the students engage with the topic one of the approaches that should be taken is making the content visually attractive. As the ears are regarded as a lazy organ the focus from the content is usually easily diverted but at the same time when there is visual content to focus on, along with the lectures, the students pay more attention and are better engaged in the class. There should be a table of comparison and difference between Complex versus Complicated. This should contain the content with examples in image form which the student can easily recall when required. Activities: if a lecture is too long there are chances that the student will not listen to most of the things as it becomes more informative than what can be perceived at once. In this case, engaging the student in the learning process is essential. Therefore they should be asked to undertake some activity related to the lecture that is just been delivered. This will not only help in clearing the idea about the topic but will also help them focus on the practical use of the knowledge. Use of examples in every possible step, the use of examples should be clear and in a context that the students can easily relate to, this will help them build a better idea of the topic that is being discussed as there are several steps involved in the lecture providing relatable examples that will help in understanding the process better. This will help them understand the factors that contribute towards the complexities of project that has to be undertaken. The approach of the tutorial will be interactive so that the idea is clear in the minds of the people. The educator must ensure that the previous tutorials are clear and the concepts are completely understood by the student.

Environmental/Public Health Risks The Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Question: Describe about the Environmental/Public Health Risks for The Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Answer: Introduction Human beings are in constant interaction with their environment. As such, these interactions have an impact on the quality of life that they get to live healthy, and the health disparities. The relation of the environment to health is best defined by the World Health Organization as all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related behaviors (WHO, 2006). Therefore, environmental health comprises prevention or control of disease, disability, and injury related to the interaction between humans and their environment. One of the twenty-first-century key environmental health challenges is industrialization. It is a theme of major focus in many other disciplines of public policy; however, its the health discipline that particularly shows the shared outcome of a world thats globalizing, both the associated hazards and its potentials. While industrialization and the associated development provide opportunities for employment, socio-economic and education development, a number of environmental problems and health hazards also occur (Philp, 2015). Castleman (2013) reports that the impact of health determinants on people is sophisticated and the control of these determinants is often outside the capacity and responsibility of the health sector. For an effective action that can help solve urban related urban health problems, it is paramount that the efforts of various other sectors are incorporated like the non-governmental organizations, other government units, private companies, and the communities as well. As seen in the case of the Bhopal tragedy and those of other cities it is evident that governments of rapidly developing cities typically lack adequate revenues for the provision of public services. The rapid growth of the industry sector further strains the capacity of these governments to provide efficient health and safety procedures as necessary. More, it has been noted that the multinational corporations have a more powerful force than city governments in the provision of occupational health and safety and are more influential than even the local communities in mitigating this problem ("BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed", 2009). This paper, therefore, analyses the Bhopal tragedy and gives a detailed report on the findings and concludes with a recommendation for future developments towards cautioning the environment and public health against similar incidences. Studies on human health are reviewed and the effects that resulted from the exposure to methyl isocyanate gas th at eventually leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal, in 1984. The studies were conducted both in the early and the late recovery periods (Mishra et al., 2009). Background of the Bhopal Tragedy In the 1970s, the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) built a plant in Bhopal to manufacture Sevin, a commonly used pesticide across Asia. The government of India insisted that as part of the deal a significant percentage of the investment be from local shareholders (Shrivastav, 2011). As such, Indias government had a twenty-two percent stake in the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the firm. Bhopal was chosen because of its strategic location and the access to transportation and labor. The location site had been zoned for light commercial and industrial investment and not for hazardous activities. Initially, the company was approved for the sole formulation of pesticides from component pesticides in small quantities like the methyl isocyanate (MIC) from the mother company. Nonetheless, with the pressure to compete effectively, UCIL was forced to employ a backward integration- manufacturing raw materials and intermediate formulation products within the local facility. T his process was inherently more complex and hazardous (Mishra et al., 2009). In the 1980s the demand for pesticides declined in the subcontinent due to widespread crop failure and famine. Consequently, the Bhopal plant was producing nearly one-quarter of its production capacity (Dhara and Dhara, 2002). Therefore, local managers were advised to prepare the facility for closure and subsequent sale due to decreased profitability. Unfortunately, no ready buyer was found and the company decided to dismantle several of its production units for shipment to another developing country. At the same time, the company continued to make production with safety standards way below those of the sister branch in West Virginia, USA. On the other hand, the local government was in fear of placing heavy safety and industrial pollution control burdens on the struggling large employer for economic reasons (Dhara, 1994). On the second of December 1984 at around 1100 hours, while most of the Bhopal residents slept, one of the plant operators discovered a leaking MIC gas as well as a rising pressure in a storage tank. Three weeks prior to this event, the vent gas scrubber which is supposed to neutralize toxic discharges from the MIC system had been turned off. Unfortunately, a faulty valve had allowed a ton of water used for pipe cleaning to mix with forty tons of MIC (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara 1996; Eckerman, 2005). More, a refrigeration unit installed for safety purposes to cool the MIC tank had been transferred for use in another unit within the plant. This allowed the heat and pressure from the exothermic reaction inside the tank to continuously build up. Additionally, for three months, the gas flare system had been inactive. It was not until the next morning at around 0100 hours when a thunderous rumbling signaled a safety valve giving way sending a massive cloud of MIC gas into Bhopals mornin g air. Several hours later, the streets were filled with human corpses as well as livestock and birds carcasses. Nearly 3800 humans were found dead, mostly from the slum adjacent to the plant. Soon, local hospitals capacities were overwhelmed with patients. Even more challenging was the fact that physicians were not immediately aware of the exact gas that was causing the damage. This made Bhopal a synonymous name to industrial catastrophe marking the tragedy as one of the worst chemical disasters even experienced in the history of mankind (Cullinan, Acquilla, and Dhara, 1997) A few days later nearly 10,000 cases were reported and nearly 20,000 premature deaths in the next two decades. The government of India reported that more than 500, 000 citizens had been exposed to the harmful gas. Epidemiology studies that followed indicated a marked increase in the morbidity and mortality rates in the affected population (University of Minnesota, 2016). However, the data in these studies may have been an underrepresentation of the true picture since the number of people who migrated from the area was not accounted for. Evaluation of the Aftermath The events that followed the Bhopal gas leak led to a significant increase in the development of activism and environmental awareness in India. These led to the creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) following the passing of the Environment Protection Act in 1986. This Act gave MoEF the overall responsibility to administer and enforce environmental policies and laws. MoEF established integrated environmental strategies into all the industrial development plans in India. Nonetheless, the governments efforts to protect public health, wildlife, and the environment through policies have taken precedence following developments in the countrys economy for the last three decades since the occurrence of the tragedy. Evidently, the nature of the chemical industry could have undergone huge changes following the Bhopal disaster with a possible re-examination of the necessity for the production of such harmful products. Still, agricultural practices have not changed and the use of harmful pesticide is a norm even after the lesson of acute and chronic effects of exposure to the pesticide in Bhopal. It is estimated that nearly three million individuals suffer the consequences of pesticide poisoning with a large percentage coming from the agriculturally developing countries (Dhara et al., 2002). More, this contaminations cause nearly 20,000 in India every year (Dhara et al., 2002). an example is the case of the state of Kerala which recorded significant morbidity and mortality due to continued use of a hazardous pesticide, Endosulfan, years later after the gas leak in Bhopal (Singh and Bhadoria, 2013). Since the tragedy, UCC has been shrinking and is now owned by the Dow Chemical Company after it was restructured and divested. This move saved the company from a hostile takeover giving the top executive and the shareholders bountiful profits while placing the assets of UCC safely away from the legal reach of the victims. The company still holds that the disaster resulted from deliberate sabotage (University of Minnesota, 2016). Adding insult to injury, the company discontinued its operations in Bhopal but failed to do a thorough clean-up of what remained at the industrial site. Consequently, several toxic elements continue to leak from the plant and end up in local aquifers (see appendix A, Page ) (Dhara and Acquilla, 2013). As a result, dangerously contaminated water has been added to the legacy of UCC in Bhopal. Public Health Implication The UCC-Bhopal tragedy also referred to as the Bhopal disaster of 1984 is one of the most historic industrial disasters to have ever hit mankind. A leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) and other gasses exposed hundreds of thousands of Bhopal residents to the hazardous effects of the plant (Dhara and Kriebel, 1993). In 2006, an official government declaration stated that the leak had caused nearly 558,000 injuries, 38,500 partial, and 3,900 permanent and severe disabling injuries (Dhara, 2013). Mass cremation and funerals were held as well as body disposal in River Narmada. Hospitals and temporary dispensaries treated approximately 170,000 patients. More than 2,000 livestock were collected and buried. The main composition of the gas cloud had materials that were denser than the surrounding air and therefore stay close to the surface, spreading outward to nearby communities (Varma and Mulay, 2015). Immediate effects of the exposure were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation, and a diffi culty in breathing. Shorter people, including children, were most affected as they inhaled concentration of the fumes. This section reviews the health effects of the gas exposure from published studies and gives details on some of the epidemiological and clinical issues being debated. Impact of the Disaster The direct results of the actual disaster were massive damages to the Bhopal population with regard to loss of life and property. These were just but the initial disaster. The wave of the effects of the initial triggered a chain of destructive events relating to the initial disaster through the cause-and-effect leading to indirect damages to the remote people. This can be referred to as the subsequent disaster. Physical Health Effects As discussed, the dense material in the gas cloud stayed close to the ground and rapidly spread outward through the surrounding community. The initial effects were vomiting, coughing, severe eye irritation and difficulty in breathing. According to Senthilkumar, Sah, and Ganesh (2016), thousands of those affected by the tragedy are still suffering from extensive lung damage and they can no longer engage in physical activities as walking a few steps sends them gasping for air. BBC (2009) reports that affected women show abnormal gynecological problems and still giving birth to children with abnormalities. Similarly, cases of abortion and premature birth are high amongst this population. Acute symptoms in this group include inflammation of the eyes and the respiratory tract, forced breathing, vomiting, and abdominal pains. Additionally, a study by Samarth, Gandhi, and Maudar (2013) indicates that autopsies showed that there were also marked changes in the kidneys, and the liver. The rate of neonatal mortality increased by approximately 200 percent while that of stillbirth increased by up to 300%. Psychological Health Effects Senthilkumar et al. (2016) assert that health problems have severe psychological repercussions. These health problems include endocrinal and gynecological problems, as well as high levels of reproductive difficulty and abnormal menstruation coupled with high incidences of miscarriages. Children born to women affected by the gas and the infected water tend to suffer from a wide array of psychological disorders including congenital deformities, physical and mental disabilities. More specifically, women in the more religiously conservative and deprived communities suffer from chronic illnesses and have reproductive difficulty which renders them undesirable to marriage. This forces them to bear the significant social stigma. Furthermore, the condition experienced by these women being unable to conceive and deliver healthy children sentences them to live their lives without ever getting married meaning that one may live a life without ever attaining economic security. Environmental Effects As of today, chemicals littered at the site of the plant continue to leak polluting the groundwater. These contaminations at the site and the surrounding areas were not as a direct result of the gas leakage (Mehta et al., 1990). Dhara and Kriebel (1993) further reported that the local government had made a declaration in 1991 confirming that over 100 wells were not fit for drinking. More, a UCC laboratory test in 1989 showed that water and soil samples collected from adjacent areas to the factory were highly toxic to fish. More than twenty areas within the facility were, marked as higher polluted from this experiment. By 1994, it was found that chemicals had seriously contaminated 21 percent of the premises. Studies on groundwater, soils, vegetables and wells from communities around the factory revealed a range of heavy contaminations from chemical compounds and toxic metals. According to the reports, the substances found include mercury, alpha-naphthol, naphthol naphthalene, lead, chromium, copper, organochlorines, hexachloroethane, nickel, Hexachlorobutadiene halo-organics, volatile organic compound, and pesticide HCH (BHC). At the same time, many of these compounds were found in breast milk. Conclusion A synergy of the very worst Indian and American cultures was the cause of the Bhopal gas leak tragedy. Health and safety procedures were below standard (Samarth et al., 2013). Neither the companys management nor the government seemed concerned with taking precautionary measures. The fact is, no one was prepared for the adverse effects that were evident following the leakage; not the company, the government or even the locals. There was no prompt action from any of these stakeholders. Indias legal system was a disgrace to its people, failing miserably at such a crucial moment. The action was therefore taken to improve the system for the betterment of the nation and the peoples safety. International treaties were signed to give justice to people suffering from similar tragedies (Dhara, 2013). Multinational corporations operating within India must agree to comply with the conditions of doing business one being that they will be under jurisdictions of the Indian civil and criminal courts. It is mandatory that they take responsibility for their inactions in subsidiaries within the host country and not disown them I the face of tragedy. Union Carbide Corporations top management attempts to shift the blame of the gas leak to the managers in the Indian subsidiary must be seen as an act of cowardice. More, the Madhya Pradesh government was equally accountable. It was the state governments administrative duty to play its role in regulation and supervision. Recommendations Events of the Bhopal incident revealed to the world that industrial evolution without concurrent evolution in environment health and safety can be catastrophic. The tragedy illustrated the link between dynamics of global markets and local environmental and health disasters. The Sevin plant was established in Madhya Pradesh, not for the purpose of avoiding America's environmental regulation but to exploit the growing and seemingly large pesticide market in India and her neighbors (Dhara, 1994). However, the approach used to execute the project suggested that multinational corporations applied double standards in their operations in developing countries. If operating regulations were internationalized for hazardous industries, then the case of Bhopal might have been different. With significant international safety measures and standards, even without enforcement, industries could have norms to measure the performance of companies that engage in hazardous activities like pesticide produ ct, and other toxic materials. Therefore, the Indian government and international organizations should focus on applicable measures for corporate responsibility and the prevention of accidents in advanced and developing economies across the world. More specifically, prevention approaches should focus on the reduction of risk on and legislation of safety in the surrounding environment (See appendix II, page ). It is clear that local governments can no longer allow industrial plants to be located within urban locations, despite the evolution in land use over time. Government and industry should bring proper capital support to locals so as to provide necessary public facilities like hospitals and schools in order to minimize mortality, morbidity, and loss of property in case fatal industrial accidents (Environmental health, 2016). In 1984, Bhopal had limited public infrastructure. Basically, tap water was scarce and was only available for a few hours and the quality was not healthy at all. The communities lacked a functional sewage system and therefore, residents disposed of their untreated waste in nearby water sources; including drinking water source. Bhopal four main hospitals but they lacked sufficient beds and physicians. The city also lacked a response system for mass casualty emergencies. It is, therefore, important that public health facilities are accounted for when industries considered the hazardous site a manufacturing plant. The management of future industrial development needs to formulate appropriate approaches for the prevention of disasters. Communities lacking expertise and infrastructure to adequately respond to industrial accidents should not have hazardous industries located near them. ISO 31000 (2009) provides a risk management benchmark. It states that a risks affecting organizations can have consequences in terms of economic performance and professional reputation, as well as environmental, safety and societal outcomes, (ISO.org). Thus, effective risk management helps organizations to record efficient performance in an environment filled with uncertainties. With uncertainties comes the need to boost the level of confidence. Initiating a business risk management plan requires the identification of associated risks and increasing the level of confidence in managing those risks. More, these risks are typically specific to a business or industry and can be traditional or emerging. These risks may even be preventable suggesting that compliance rules can be created. They can also be challenging as external or strategic risks. Nonetheless, participating parties can benefit from an integrated risk management approach; managing cross-functional assessment teams within an organization; and, effectively communicating risks and treatment plans to all organizational levels. References BBC News - Bhopal's health effects probed. (2009). News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7961062.stm Bhopal gas tragedy. (2016). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.slideshare.net/biswadeep44/bhopal-gas-tragedy-14008712 Broughton, E. (2005). The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environmental Health, 4(1), 1. Castleman, B. I. (2013). The migration of industrial hazards. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Cullinan, P., Acquilla, S. D., Dhara, V. R. (1996). Long-term morbidity in survivors of the 1984 Bhopal gas leak. National Medical Journal of India, 9, 5-9. Cullinan, P., Acquilla, S., Dhara, V. R. (1997). Respiratory morbidity 10 years after the Union Carbide gas leak at Bhopal: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ, 314(7077), 338. Dhara, R. (1994). Health Effects of the Bhopal Gas Leak: A Review. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal Of Environmental And Occupational Health Policy, 4(3), 35-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ns4.3.g Dhara, V. R. (2013). What ails the Bhopal disaster investigations?(And is there a cure?). International journal of occupational and environmental health. Dhara, V. R., Acquilla, S. (2013). Regarding distance of residence in 1984 may be used as exposure surrogate for the Bhopal disaster-further observations on post-disaster epidemiology. The Indian journal of medical research, 138(2), 270. Dhara, V. R., Dhara, R. (2002). The Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal: a review of health effects. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 57(5), 391-404. Dhara, V. R., Kriebel, D. (1993). Editorial: The Bhopal Gas Disaster: It's Not Too Late for Sound Epidemiology. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 48(6), 436-437. Dhara, V. R., Dhara, R., Acquilla, S. D., Cullinan, P. (2002). Personal exposure and long-term health effects in survivors of the union carbide disaster in Bhopal. Environmental health perspectives, 110(5), 487. Eckerman, I. (2005). The Bhopal gas leak: Analyses of causes and consequences by three different models. Journal of loss prevention in the process industries, 18(4), 213-217. Environmental health. (2015). World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ Hygiene and Environmental Health HEAT Module. (2016). Open.edu. 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